The formalism of curvilinear coordinates provides a unified and general description of the standard coordinate systems.
2.
To do so, one must first register all images to a standard coordinate system, by mapping them to a reference image.
3.
The "'Geocentric Celestial Reference System "'( "'GCRS "'), also created by the IAU in 2000, is a similar standard coordinate system used to specify the location and motions of near-earth objects, such as satellites.
4.
Such detectors are called " seals; the name " 4? detector " comes from the fact that such detectors are designed to cover nearly all of the 4? steradians of solid angle around the interaction point; in terms of the standard coordinate system used in collider physics, this is equivalent to coverage of the entire range of azimuthal angle (-\ pi \ leq \ phi \ leq \ pi ) and pseudorapidity ( | \ eta | \ geq 0 ).
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